Hip Ukuran
Cara mengukur hip yang tepat
Biar bisa mendapatkan ukuran hip yang akurat, gunakan pita pengukur dan lingkarkan di bagian terlebar pinggulmu. Atau kamu juga bisa mengukur lebar bagian pinggul di celana paling nyaman yang kamu miliki sebagai acuannya.
Muscles and movements
The hip muscles act on three mutually perpendicular main axes, all of which pass through the center of the femoral head, resulting in three degrees of freedom and three pair of principal directions: Flexion and extension around a transverse axis (left-right); lateral rotation and medial rotation around a longitudinal axis (along the thigh); and abduction and adduction around a sagittal axis (forward-backward);[31] and a combination of these movements (i.e. circumduction, a compound movement in which the leg describes the surface of an irregular cone).[24] Some of the hip muscles also act on either the vertebral joints or the knee joint, that with their extensive areas of origin and/or insertion, different part of individual muscles participate in very different movements, and that the range of movement varies with the position of the hip joint.[24] Additionally, the inferior and Superior gemelli muscles assist the obturator internus and the three muscles together form the three-headed muscle known as the triceps coxae.[32][24]
The movements of the hip joint is thus performed by a series of muscles which are here presented in order of importance[24] with the range of motion from the neutral zero-degree position[31] indicated:
Istilah ukuran celana lainnya
Selain hip, ada beberapa istilah ukuran celana lain yang perlu kamu ketahui. Beberapa diantaranya adalah waist (pinggang), inseam (panjang bagian dalam kaki), dan rise (jarak dari pinggang ke selangkangan). Memahami istilah-istilah ini akan membantumu memilih celana yang paling sesuai dengan bentuk tubuh dan kebutuhan gaya kamu.
kb.1 pinggul.2 pangkal paha.-ks. Sl. : modern.-kseru.H.. h. hurrah Hip. hip. hura! Hidup! Horas! -hipped ks. Sl, : keranjingan.
Anatomical region between the torso and the legs, holding the buttocks and genital region
This article is about the anatomical description of the hip. For the cultural description of buttocks, see
. For other uses, see
In vertebrate anatomy, the hip, or coxa[1] (pl.: coxae) in medical terminology, refers to either an anatomical region or a joint on the outer (lateral) side of the pelvis.
The hip region is located lateral and anterior to the gluteal region, inferior to the iliac crest, and lateral to the obturator foramen, with muscle tendons and soft tissues overlying the greater trochanter of the femur.[2] In adults, the three pelvic bones (ilium, ischium and pubis) have fused into one hip bone, which forms the superomedial/deep wall of the hip region.
The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the ball-and-socket joint between the pelvic acetabulum and the femoral head. Its primary function is to support the weight of the torso in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. The hip joints have very important roles in retaining balance, and for maintaining the pelvic inclination angle.
Pain of the hip may be the result of numerous causes, including nervous, osteoarthritic, infectious, traumatic, and genetic.
The hip joint, also known as a ball and socket joint, is formed by the acetabulum of the pelvis and the femoral head, which is the top portion of the thigh bone (femur). It allows for a wide range of movement and stability in the lower body.[3]
The proximal femur is largely covered by muscles and, as a consequence, the greater trochanter is often the only palpable bony structure in the hip region.[4]
The hip joint or coxofemoral joint[5][6] is a ball and socket synovial joint formed by the articulation of the rounded head of the femur and the cup-like acetabulum of the pelvis.[7] The socket of the acetabulum is pointing downwards and anterolaterally. The socket is also turned such that the outer edge of its roof is more lateral than outer edge of the floor.[7] It forms the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton of the trunk and pelvis. Both joint surfaces are covered with a strong but lubricated layer called articular hyaline cartilage.
The cuplike acetabulum forms at the union of three pelvic bones — the ilium, pubis, and ischium.[8] The Y-shaped growth plate that separates them, the triradiate cartilage, is fused definitively at ages 14–16.[9] It is a special type of spheroidal or ball and socket joint where the roughly spherical femoral head is largely contained within the acetabulum and has an average radius of curvature of 2.5 cm.[10] The acetabulum grasps almost half the femoral ball, a grip deepened by a ring-shaped fibrocartilaginous lip, the acetabular labrum, which extends the joint beyond the equator.[8] The centre of the acetabulum (fovea) does not articulate to anything. Instead, it is lined with fat pad and attached to ligamentum teres. The acetabular labrum is horse-shoe shaped. Its inferior notch is bridged by transverse acetabular ligament.[7] The joint space between the femoral head and the superior acetabulum is normally between 2 and 7 mm.[11]
The head of the femur is attached to the shaft by a thin neck region that is often prone to fracture in the elderly, which is mainly due to the degenerative effects of osteoporosis.
Transverse and sagittal angles of acetabular inlet plane.
The acetabulum is oriented inferiorly, laterally and anteriorly, while the femoral neck is directed superiorly, medially, and slightly anteriorly.
Acetabular angle (or Sharp's angle)[12] is the angle between the horizontal line passing through the inferior aspects of triradiate cartilages (Hilgenreiner's line) and another line passing through the inferior angle of triradiate cartilage to superior acetabular rim. The angle measures 35 degrees at birth, 25 degrees at one year of age, and less than 10 degrees by 15 years of age.[13] In adults the angle can vary from 33 to 38 degrees.[14]
The sagittal angle of the acetabular inlet is an angle between a line passing from the anterior to the posterior acetabular rim and the sagittal plane. It measures 7° at birth and increases to 17° in adults.[13]
Wiberg's centre-edge angle (CE angle) is an angle between a vertical line and a line from the centre of the femoral head to the most lateral part of the acetabulum,[15] as seen on an anteroposterior radiograph.[16]
The vertical-centre-anterior margin angle (VCA) is an angle formed from a vertical line (V) and a line from the centre of the femoral head (C) and the anterior (A) edge of the dense shadow of the subchondral bone slightly posterior to the anterior edge of the acetabulum, with the radiograph being taken from the false angle, that is, a lateral view rotated 25 degrees towards becoming frontal.[16]
The articular cartilage angle (AC angle, also called acetabular index[17] or Hilgenreiner angle) is an angle formed parallel to the weight bearing dome, that is, the acetabular sourcil or "roof",[18] and the horizontal plane,[15] or a line connecting the corner of the triangular cartilage and the lateral acetabular rim.[19] In normal hips in children aged between 11 and 24 months, it has been estimated to be on average 20°, ranging between 18° and 25°.[20] It becomes progressively lower with age.[21] Suggested cutoff values to classify the angle as abnormally increased include:
The angle between the longitudinal axes of the femoral neck and shaft, called the caput-collum-diaphyseal angle or CCD angle, normally measures approximately 150° in newborn and 126° in adults (coxa norma).[23][dubious – discuss]
An abnormally small angle is known as coxa vara and an abnormally large angle as coxa valga. Because changes in shape of the femur naturally affects the knee, coxa valga is often combined with genu varum (bow-leggedness), while coxa vara leads to genu valgum (knock-knees).[24]
Changes in the CCD angle is the result of changes in the stress patterns applied to the hip joint. Such changes, caused for example by a dislocation, change the trabecular patterns inside the bones. Two continuous trabecular systems emerging on the auricular surface of the sacroiliac joint meander and criss-cross each other down through the hip bone, the femoral head, neck, and shaft.
On the lateral side of the hip joint the fascia lata is strengthened to form the iliotibial tract which functions as a tension band and reduces the bending loads on the proximal part of the femur.[23]
Proximally, capsule of the hip joint is attached to the edge of the acetabulum, acetabular labrum, and transverse acetabular ligament. Distally, it is attached to the trochanters of the femur and intertrochanteric line anteriorly. Posteriorly, it is attached to a junction between medial two-thirds and lateral one-third of the femoral neck,[7] one finger breadth away from the intertrochanteric crest.[24] From its attachment at the femoral neck, the fibres of the capsule reflected backwards towards the acetabulum, carrying retinacula vessels supplying the femoral head.[7] The part of femoral neck outside the capsule is shorter in front than posteriorly.[24]
The strong but loose fibrous capsule of the hip joint permits the hip joint to have the second largest range of movement (second only to the shoulder) and yet support the weight of the body, arms and head.
The capsule has two sets of fibers: longitudinal and circular.
Extracapsular ligaments. Anterior (left) and posterior (right) aspects of right hip.
Intracapsular ligament. Left hip joint from within pelvis with the acetabular floor removed (left); right hip joint with capsule removed, anterior aspect (right).
The hip joint is reinforced by four ligaments, of which three are extracapsular and one intracapsular.
The extracapsular ligaments are the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments attached to the bones of the pelvis (the ilium, ischium, and pubis respectively). All three strengthen the capsule and prevent an excessive range of movement in the joint. Of these, the Y-shaped and twisted iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the human body. It has a tensile strength of 350 kg.[24] Iliofemoral ligament is a thickening of the anterior capsule extending from anterior inferior iliac spine to intertrochanteric line.[7] Ischiofemoral ligament is the thickening of posterior capsule of the hip and pubofemoral ligament is the thickening of the inferior capsule.[7] In the upright position, iliofemoral ligament prevents the trunk from falling backward without the need for muscular activity, thus preventing excessive hyperextension. In the sitting position, it becomes relaxed, thus permitting the pelvis to tilt backward into its sitting position. Ischiofemoral prevents excessive extension and the pubofemoral ligament prevents excess abduction and extension.[26]
The zona orbicularis, which lies like a collar around the most narrow part of the femoral neck, is covered by the other ligaments which partly radiate into it. The zona orbicularis acts like a buttonhole on the femoral head and assists in maintaining the contact in the joint.[24] All three ligaments become taut when the joint is extended - this stabilises the joint, and reduces the energy demand of muscles when standing.[27]
The intracapsular ligament, the ligamentum teres, is attached to a depression in the acetabulum (the acetabular notch) and a depression on the femoral head (the fovea of the head). It is only stretched when the hip is dislocated, and may then prevent further displacement.[24] It is not that important as a ligament but can often be vitally important as a conduit of a small artery to the head of the femur, that is, the foveal artery.[28] This artery is not present in everyone but can become the only blood supply to the bone in the head of the femur when the neck of the femur is fractured or disrupted by injury in childhood.[29]
The hip joint is supplied with blood from the medial circumflex femoral and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, which are both usually branches of the deep artery of the thigh (profunda femoris), but there are numerous variations and one or both may also arise directly from the femoral artery. There is also a small contribution from the foveal artery, a small vessel in the ligament of the head of the femur which is a branch of the posterior division of the obturator artery, which becomes important to avoid avascular necrosis of the head of the femur when the blood supply from the medial and lateral circumflex arteries are disrupted (e.g. through fracture of the neck of the femur along their course).[29]
The hip has two anatomically important anastomoses, the cruciate and the trochanteric anastomoses, the latter of which provides most of the blood to the head of the femur. These anastomoses exist between the femoral artery or profunda femoris and the gluteal vessels.[30]
Sexual dimorphism and cultural significance
In humans, unlike other animals, the hip bones are substantially different in the two sexes. The hips of human females widen during puberty.[35] The femora are also more widely spaced in females, so as to widen the opening in the hip bone and thus facilitate childbirth. Finally, the ilium and its muscle attachment are shaped so as to situate the buttocks away from the birth canal, where contraction of the buttocks could otherwise damage the baby.
The female hips have long been associated with both fertility and general expression of sexuality. Since broad hips facilitate childbirth and also serve as an anatomical cue of sexual maturity, they have been seen as an attractive trait for women for thousands of years. Many of the classical poses women take when sculpted, painted or photographed, such as the Grande Odalisque, serve to emphasize the prominence of their hips. Similarly, women's fashion through the ages has often drawn attention to the girth of the wearer's hips.
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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A hip protector is a specialized form of pants or underwear containing pads (either hard or soft) along the outside of each hip/leg, designed to prevent hip fractures following a fall. Recent developments include the use of double-sided adhesive films that are breathable and more comfortable to wear than specialised pants. The adhesive films are safer because they can be worn in the bath or shower, or when toileting. Hip protectors are most commonly used in elderly individuals who have a high risk of falls and hip fractures (for example, due to history of a previous fall and underlying osteoporosis).[1]
Most hip fractures follow an impact due to a lateral fall.[2] The pads are located over the trochanters, the bony extrusions of the hip region.
A 2014 Cochrane review found that hip protectors decrease the number of hip fractures among the elderly.[3]
A number of reviews have found that hip protectors are cost-effective, particularly among residents of care homes and for long-stay patients in hospital[4]
A previous review found that the effect for preventing hip fracture among nursing home residents was small and not effective among community dwelling elderly individuals.[5] A 2007 review found a decreased risk of hip fractures in elderly nursing home residents.[6]
However, acceptance and long-term compliance towards them has historically been quite low,[5] mainly because of discomfort, dislike of their appearance by the person wearing it, and disagreement about fracture risk.[7] More modern hip protectors do not suffer from these disadvantages because they are slimmer with a low profile, so less noticeable, have ventilation holes and ducting to keep the skin cool under the pad and are soft and pliable conforming to the contours of the hip. Better independent testing procedures developed by Professor Julian Minns have established a reliable baseline for impact absorption performance.[8]
Research which has found hip protectors to be beneficial found that hard, energy-shunting hip protectors to be superior to soft, energy-absorbing ones.[9] However this research predates the introduction of hip protector pads in 2011/2012 using modern non-Newtonian materials, such as D3o that absorb around 75% of the impact, typically twice that of previous devices that used soft materials such as textiles or foam pads in an airtight bag, but comparable to the best of the energy-shunting devices, which have now largely disappeared from the market because of a slight tendency to cause pelvic fractures when the energy is transferred[10] Another study showed that hip protectors' design and mechanical properties vary drastically among commercially available hip protectors.[11]
Hip protectors are either of the "crash helmet type" or "energy-absorbing type". The "crash helmet type" distributes impacts into the surrounding soft tissue, while the "energy-absorbing type" is made of a compressible material and diminishes the force of impact. Both of these systems aim to reduce the focused force beneath an estimated fracture threshold.[1][12] Several different commercially available hip protectors exist.[1][9]
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Pentingnya mengukur hip
Mengukur hip dengan tepat sangat penting untuk memastikan celana yang kamu beli nyaman dan pas. Ukuran hip yang tepat membantu menghindari celana yang terlalu ketat atau longgar. Selain bisa menganggu kenyamanan, ukuran hip yang nggak pas akan membuat look jadi nggak kece.
Clinical significance
A hip fracture is a break that occurs in the upper part of the femur.[33] Symptoms may include pain around the hip particularly with movement and shortening of the leg.[33] The hip joint can be replaced by a prosthesis in a hip replacement operation due to fractures or illnesses such as osteoarthritis. Hip pain can have multiple sources and can also be associated with lower back pain.
At the 2022 Consumer Electronics Show, a company named Safeware announced an airbag belt that is designed to prevent hip fractures among such uses as the elderly and hospital patients.[34]
Abnormal orientation of the acetabular socket as seen in hip dysplasia can lead to hip subluxation (partial dislocation), degeneration of the acetabular labrum. Excessive coverage of femoral head by the acetabulum can lead to pincer-type femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI).[7]
Memilih celana yang pas dan nyaman memang kadang agak challenging, apalagi kalau kita nggak paham dengan istilah ukuran yang ada. Salah satu ukuran penting yang sering muncul di label celana adalah hip atau lingkar pinggul.
Meski terdengar sederhana, memahami arti hip dan cara mengukurnya dengan benar bisa bikin belanja celana jadi lebih mudah. Apalagi kalau kamu hobi belanja online. Nah, di artikel ini kita bakal bahas lebih dalam tentang arti hip dalam ukuran celana dan cara mengukurnya dengan benar. Yuk, simak terus dan temukan tips praktis untuk mendapatkan celana yang pas dan nyaman!
Panduan ukuran hip pada celana
Ukuran hip pada celana bisa berbeda-beda tergantung brand dan model celananya, Bela. Biasanya, panduan ukuran mencantumkan rentang ukuran hip untuk setiap ukuran celana, seperti S, M, L, dan seterusnya. Make sure buat selalu cek panduan ukuran yang disediakan oleh brand untuk memastikan celana yang kamu pilih sesuai dengan ukuran tubuhmu.
Arti hip dalam ukuran celana
Dalam konteks ukuran celana, hip merujuk pada bagian terlebar dari pinggul. Ukuran ini penting untuk memastikan celana pas dan nyaman dipakai. Hip menjadi salah satu ukuran kunci yang biasanya dicantumkan pada label celana buat membantu kamu menemukan ukuran yang tepat sesuai bentuk tubuh.
